The Arabidopsis genome encodes four α subunits ( CK2α1, CK2α2, CK2α3, CK2α4) and four β subunits ( CK2β1, CK2β2, CK2β3, CK2β4). Although the CK2 has been known as a tetrameric holoenzyme comprised of two catalytic α and two regulatory β subunits, each of the two types of subunits has been proposed to have independent functions.
Casein kinase II (CK2), a conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase in eukaryotes, is essential for plant viability. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates the expression of thousands of genes via ABA-responsive elements (ABREs), and has a crucial role in abiotic stress response. Our transient gene expression analyses in Arabidopsis protoplasts support the view that CK2αs and CK2βs positively and negatively modulate ABRE-dependent gene expression, respectively.
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